*

Goldband Snapper is widely distributed across northern Australia. There are nine stocks—defined at either the management unit or biological stock level—across WA, the NT and QLD. All are classified as sustainable apart from the East Coast Queensland management unit, which Is undefined.

Jurisdiction	Stock	Stock status	Indicators
Northern Territory	Joseph Bonaparte Gulf	Sustainable	Biomsass, catch
Northern Territory	Timor Sea	Sustainable	Biomass, fishing mortality
Northern Territory	Arafura Sea	Sustainable	Biomass, fishing mortality
Northern Territory, Queensland	Gulf of Carpentaria	Sustainable	Catch, fishery independent survey
Queensland	East Coast Queensland	Undefined	Catch
Western Australia	Gascoyne	Sustainable	Age structure, catch, fishing mortality
Western Australia	Pilbara	Sustainable	Age structure, catch, fishing mortality
Western Australia	Kimberley	Sustainable	Biomass, age structure, catch, fishing mortality, CPUE

Goldband Snapper is widely distributed throughout northern Australia and the tropical Indo–West Pacific. Ovenden et al. [2002] examined the genetic connectivity of Goldband Snapper using mitochondrial DNA from samples collected at six Australian locations (four in Western Australia: Exmouth, Pilbara, Broome, Northern Kimberley; two in the Northern Territory: Timor Sea, Arafura Sea) and three south east Asian locations (Kupang, Irian Jaya, Madang). The mitochondrial DNA data for Goldband Snapper did not differ genetically among Australian locations, except for the northern Kimberley location that exhibited restricted gene flow. Ovenden et al. [2002] reported that samples taken from locations in Southeast Asia were genetically distinct from those sampled from Australian locations. This study indicated that within the region sampled, Goldband Snapper are likely to form a single biological stock.

Newman et al. [2000] examined otolith stable isotopes in each of three management regions in Western Australia (Kimberley, Pilbara and Gascoyne), and across northern Australia. Significant differences in stable isotope ratios provided evidence that there was limited mixing of adult Goldband Snapper between all sites sampled in Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Therefore, each of these broad locations could be treated separately for the purposes of fishery management, if management arrangements were mediated in a way that harmonized with the spatial patterns of exploitation. Saunders et al. [2018] used otolith microchemistry and parasitology to identify separate biological Goldband Snapper stocks in the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Timor Sea, Arafura Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria.

Here, assessment of stock status is presented at the management unit level for four stocks—Kimberley, Pilbara, Gascoyne (Western Australia) and East Coast Queensland and at the biological stock level for an additional four stocks—Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Timor Sea, Arafura Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria.

Arafura Sea

Goldband Snapper has been primarily harvested in this stock using finfish trawl gear. Before three additional trawlers entered the fishery in 2012 the average catch over the previous ten years was steady at approximately 55 tonnes (t) annually. The catches increased substantially to a peak of 225 t in 2016–17 before declining to an average of 138 t over the last five years as vessels moved to other areas in the fishery. CPUE during this increasing period of catch has also substantially increased [Saunders 2020a]. This stock was assessed with data up to 2022 using a stochastic stock reduction analysis (SRA) model [Pazhayamadom 2023]. Biomass levels were estimated to be 75 to 88% of unfished levels which is above the limit reference point. The above evidence indicates that the biomass of this stock is unlikely to be recruitment impaired.

The model outputs also indicated that the current fishing mortality was below the level that could cause the stock to become recruitment impaired. The above evidence indicates that the current level of fishing pressure is unlikely to cause the stock to become recruitment impaired. 

In addition to the SRA assessment there have been two trawl surveys undertaken that have provided an estimate of Goldband Snapper biomass. The first survey in 1990 indicated a total biomass of approximately 3,700 t of Goldband Snapper [Ramm 1994], while a more recent survey, conducted in 2021, estimated a biomass of 4,398 t [Knuckey and Koopman 2022]. It is important to note that the latter survey was designed to obtain a time-series of consistent and robust relative abundance indices and due to uncertainties around assumptions of catchability, herding and escapement, this one-off estimate of absolute abundance should be used with caution [Knuckey and Koopman 2022]. Additionally, because of methodology differences, biomass estimates from both surveys should not be compared. Regardless, these estimates of biomass can assist in understanding the impact fishing has on this stock, with the peak harvest and the lowest biomass estimate representing a 6% harvest fraction. This level of harvest is unlikely to have a significantly negative impact on the stock.

On the basis of the evidence provided above, the Arafura Sea (Northern Territory) biological stock is classified as a sustainable stock.

East Coast Queensland

Species level reporting of Goldband Snapper in commercial logbooks began in 2007 and has helped to quantify catch as an indicator of fishing pressure. Commercial harvest of Goldband Snapper in Queensland is constrained by a multi-species total allowable commercial catch (TACC), in addition to species-specific harvest control rules as part of the Reef Line Fishery Harvest Strategy [QDAF 2020]. For secondary target and by-product species like Goldband Snapper, this includes catch reference points that trigger stock assessments and implementation of a species-specific TACC. Since 2007, commercial catch peaked in 2016–17 (62 t) but has since declined to 33 t in 2021–22.  There was no recorded catch in the latest recreational fishing survey, suggesting catch is likely low [Teixeira et al. 2021]. No formal stock assessments have been undertaken to quantify biomass levels of Goldband Snapper on the east coast of Australia. There is insufficient information available to confidently classify the status of this stock.

On the basis of the evidence provided above, East Coast Queensland management unit is classified as an 

undefined stock.

Gascoyne

Goldband Snapper is one of the indicator species in the Gascoyne management unit of the Gascoyne Coast Bioregion of Western Australia [Newman et al. 2018] and as such the stock status of Goldband Snapper contributes to determining the risk-level for the biological sustainability of the demersal scalefish resources in the Gascoyne management unit. Goldband snapper are primarily landed by commercial line fishers in the Gascoyne Demersal Scalefish Managed Fishery (GDSMF) [Jackson et al. 2023]. The major performance measures for Goldband Snapper in the Gascoyne management unit are based on an assessment of fishing mortality derived from catch curve analysis of representative samples of the age structure and relative female spawning biomass (SPR) (Brel) from per-recruit analyses relative to standard reference levels defined within the Harvest Control Rules (HCRs). An assessment of fishing mortality and SPR for Goldband Snapper caught in the GDSMF was undertaken in 2022 and included catch data up to 2020–21 and age composition data from 2018–20. This assessment of Goldband Snapper is supported by predictions for biomass and harvest rates from a data-limited Catch-MSY assessment model compared periodically to a model prediction for maximum sustainable yield (MSY).

The derived fishing mortality estimate, and associated uncertainty ranges indicated that the fishing levels on Goldband Snapper in this management unit (F= 0.07 year[-1]) was below the value of natural mortality (M=0.16 year[-1]); the fishing mortality was above the target level [Jackson et al. 2023]. Analysis of female relative spawning ratio suggested that the stock remained around 66% of the unfished level, with the point estimate of Brel well above the threshold level of 0.3 [Jackson et al. 2023]. This indicates that, on average, the level of exploitation experienced by Goldband Snapper in the Gascoyne has been low. 

The total catch of Goldband Snapper in the Gascoyne management unit over the last 10 years (2012–13 to 2021–22) have ranged from 62–122 t, with a mean annual catch of 92 t. Recreational and charter catch are relatively low compared to the commercial catch, in the past 10 years where reliable catches estimates are available, their contribution of the total catch has averaged 17%. Analyses using a Catch-MSY model applied to data on annual catches for this species (1985–86 to 2021–22), demonstrated that the annual catches since 2008–09 have remained below the point estimate of the model prediction for maximum sustainable yield (MSY), and the biomass has been above BMSY for the entire time series. For this assessment, these included specified ranges for initial depletion (0.8–0.95), based on close to no depletion prior to the first year of catches, final depletion (0.5–0.9), based on relative spawning biomass from the per-recruit analysis, and low resilience (r=0.1–0.6, consistent with species longevity, of approximately 32 years). The above evidence indicates that the biomass of this stock is unlikely to be depleted the current level of fishing mortality is unlikely to cause the stock to become recruitment impaired.

On the basis of the evidence provided above, the Gascoyne (Western Australia) management unit is classified as a sustainable stock

Gulf of Carpentaria

Goldband Snapper is mostly harvested by trawlers in the Gulf of Carpentaria Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery (GOCDFFTF - Queensland) and Demersal Fishery (DF- Northern Territory). This stock was also subject to historical fishing from foreign fleets during the 1950s to the 1980s [O’Neill et al. 2011] but these catches were low (1945–80 average; 2 t). Total catch from the GOCDFFTF has historically been relatively low, averaging 22 t (from 2002–12) reaching a peak of 34 t in 2009–10. This fishery was inactive for several years, and no catch was recorded between 2016–19. In 2020–21 low activity in this fishery restarted and 6 t of catch was reported, catch in 2021-22 was similarly low (5 t). Catch is also constrained by a multispecies total allowable catch (TAC). There was no recorded catch in the latest recreational fishing survey, suggesting catch is likely low [Teixeira et al. 2021]. The DF only recorded small catches of Goldband Snapper (2006–14 average; 4.6 t), before effort in this stock area increased significantly with the total catch rising to 41 t in 2019–20 but has subsequently reduced to 8 t in 2020–21 and 16 t in 2021–22. 

A recent analysis using a stochastic Stock Reduction Analysis model based on data from both jurisdictions indicated that biomass of this stock is between 30% and 85% (5th and 95th), with a median value of 68%, of unfished levels. The SRA outputs also indicated that the current fishing mortality was more likely below the limit reference point and unlikely to cause the stock to become recruitment impaired [Pazhayamadom 2023]. The above evidence indicates that the biomass of this stock is unlikely to be depleted and that recruitment is unlikely to be impaired. 

Fishery independent surveys of biomass undertaken in 2021 indicated a larger biomass of Goldband Snapper than previously thought, with even peak catches representing only a small harvest percentage of the total biomass (< 3%) [Knuckey et al. 2022; Knuckey and Koopman 2022. It is important to note that these more recent surveys were designed to obtain a time-series of consistent and robust relative abundance indices and due to uncertainties around assumptions of catchability, herding and escapement, these one-off estimates of absolute abundance should be used with caution [Knuckey and Koopman 2022]. Regardless, these biomass estimates can assist in understanding the impact fishing has on this stock, with the low level of catch relative to biomass size indicating the level of fishing mortality is unlikely to cause the stock to become recruitment impaired.

On the basis of the evidence provided above, the Gulf of Carpentaria biological stock is classified as a sustainable stock.

Joseph Bonaparte Gulf

Goldband Snapper in this stock have been primarily harvested by the Demersal Fishery finfish trawl gear. This area was only opened to trawling in 2012 so catches have been historically low (20 year average, 0.5 t). Since this time, catches have peaked at 38 t in 2018–19 and have averaged 29 t over the last 10 years. A trawl survey conducted in this region in 1990 [Ramm 1994], estimated the biomass of Goldband Snapper in this stock to be approximately 320 t. A more recent trawl survey was undertaken in 2021, the results of which estimated the biomass to be around 703 t [Knuckey and Koopman 2021]. Using the most conservative estimate of biomass, the 2021-22 catch from this stock (9 t) represented a harvest fraction of < 2%, although this fraction was higher (up to 12%) when peak catches occurred in 2018–19. It is important to note that this recent survey was designed to obtain a time-series of consistent and robust relative abundance indices and due to uncertainties around assumptions of catchability, herding and escapement, the one-off estimates of absolute abundance should be used with caution [Knuckey and Koopman 2022]. Additionally, because of differences in methodology used between surveys, the estimates of biomass should not be compared. Regardless, the biomass estimates can assist in understanding the impact fishing has on this stock, with the low level of catch relative to biomass size indicating the level of fishing mortality is unlikely to cause the stock to become recruitment impaired.

This stock has also been assessed using a Catch-MSY model. It is important to recognise that Catch-MSY is a data-limited technique with strong assumptions, dependent on user inputs. The results indicate that biomass is between 24% and 56% of unfished levels. The depletion trajectory shows that the biomass has been in decline since 2012, although biomass size still resides within sustainable thresholds. The Catch-MSY outputs also indicated that the current fishing mortality was below the level that could cause the stock to become recruitment impaired [Pazhayamadom 2023]. Given the uncertainties around the Catch-MSY modelling technique, subsequent years will require close monitoring to ensure that model bias is in not occurring and unsustainable fishing pressure is not being exerted. However, overall the catch-MSY model outputs indicate that the current fishing mortality is unlikely to cause to the stock to become recruitment impaired during this reporting period. 

On the basis of the evidence provided above, Goldband Snapper in the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf (Northern Territory) is classified as a sustainable stock

Kimberley

Goldband Snapper is one of the indicator species in the Kimberley management unit of the North Coast Bioregion of Western Australia [Newman et al. 2018] and as such the stock status of Goldband Snapper contributes to determining the risk-level for the biological sustainability of the demersal scalefish resources in the Kimberley management unit. Goldband Snapper is landed commercially in the Northern Demersal Scalefish Managed Fishery (NDSMF). The major performance measures for the Kimberley management unit of Goldband Snapper are periodic assessments of spawning stock levels and fishing mortality estimated using an integrated age-structured model relative to standard reference levels and fishing mortality from catch curve analysis derived from representative samples of the age structure. Catch, effort and/or catch rates for the indicator species/fishing sector are also reviewed annually, to determine whether they are consistent with current harvest control rules (HCRs) for the resource [DPIRD 2017]. An assessment was undertaken in 2018 and included age composition collected during fisheries independent sampling in 2016–17.

The spawning biomass level of Goldband Snapper was estimated to be approximately 30% in the NDSMF in 2017 [Wakefield et al. 2023]. The above evidence indicates that the biomass of this stock is unlikely to be depleted and that recruitment is unlikely to be impaired. The fishing mortality-based assessments indicated that the fishing level on Goldband Snapper is at or below the limit level (F=1.5M) in 2017. However, these estimates remain highly uncertain due to data limitations [Wakefield et al. 2023]. This indicates that fishing is not having an unacceptable impact on the age structure of the population. The 2018 assessment resulted in a medium risk to the stock over the next 5 years. 

The total catch of Goldband Snapper in the Kimberley over the last 10 years (2013–22) have ranged from 398–598 t, with a mean annual catch of 485 t. This is an increase on the average catches across the previous 10 years of 375 t. Recreational and charter catch are very low compared to the commercial catch, in the past 10 years where reliable catches estimates are available, their contribution to the total catch has averaged < 0.3%. Since 2017, fisheries-dependent catch rates have remained stable with no evidence of a marked decline. The above evidence indicates that the current level of fishing mortality is unlikely to cause the stock to become recruitment impaired. A representative age structure from fisheries independent sampling was undertaken in 2021 and the next periodic assessment is currently underway.

On the basis of the evidence provided above, the Kimberley (Western Australia) management unit is classified as a sustainable stock.

Pilbara

Goldband Snapper in the Pilbara management unit is landed both commercially (Pilbara Fish Trawl Interim Managed Fishery, Pilbara Line Fishery and Pilbara Trap Managed Fishery) and recreationally (recreational vessels and charter operations) in the Pilbara demersal scalefish fisheries. The major performance measures for Goldband Snapper in the Pilbara management unit are based on periodic assessments of fishing mortality derived from catch curve analysis of representative samples of the age structure relative to standard reference levels (target, threshold and limit) based on ratios of natural mortality (M) [DPIRD 2017]. An assessment of fishing mortality for Goldband Snapper caught in the Pilbara was undertaken in 2008 and included age composition data from 2007. Goldband Snapper are also assessed on the basis of the status of several indicator species (including, for example, Red Emperor, Rankin Cod, and Bluespotted Emperor in the Pilbara region) across the North Coast Demersal Resource (NCDR) that represent the entire inshore demersal suite of species occurring at depths of 30–250 m [Newman et al. 2018]. The indicator species in the Pilbara have been classified as sustainable. The level of risk associated with the sustainability of Goldband Snapper in the NCDR is assessed as low. This assessment of Goldband Snapper is also supported by the results of a data-limited Catch-MSY assessment, where recent catches are compared to median model estimates for maximum sustainable yield (MSY).

The fishing mortality-based assessments indicated that the estimated fishing mortality rate on Goldband Snapper in this management unit was below the target level in 2008 for the eastern Pilbara region. 

The total annual catch of Goldband Snapper from the Pilbara over the last 10 years (2013–22) has ranged from 132–231 t, with a mean annual catch of 188 t. This is an increase in the average annual catch across the previous 10 years of 147 t. Recreational and charter catch are relatively low compared to the commercial catch, in the past 10 years where reliable catch estimates are available, the proportion of the total catch has averaged approximately 3%. Analyses using a Catch-MSY model applied to data on annual catches for this species (1993–2022) demonstrated that the annual catches since 2000 have remained within the 95% CI of the median model estimate for MSY. This is also consistent with the predicted values for biomass never falling below BMSY, and fishing mortality remaining below FMSY. However, it is important to recognise that Catch-MSY is a data-limited technique with strong assumptions, dependent on user inputs. For this assessment, these included specified ranges for initial depletion (0.4–0.8), based on the relative high catch at the being of the time series, final depletion (0.15–0.7), based on recent catches relative to maximum recorded annual catch and, and low resilience (r=0.1–0.6, consistent with species longevity, of approximately 30 years). Given the recent catches of this species across multiple fisheries are within the predicted MSY, and status of the indicator species for the NCDR, fishing pressure was not having an unacceptable impact on the age structure of the population, it is considered unlikely that the biomass of Goldband Snapper in the Pilbara is depleted, and that recruitment is impaired. A representative age structure was sampled in 2019–20 from the western Pilbara region, which will be included in the next periodic assessment that will be available at the end of 2023.

On the basis of the evidence provided above, the Pilbara (Western Australia) management unit is classified as a sustainable stock.

Timor Sea

Goldband Snapper in this stock have been primarily harvested by the Demersal Fishery finfish trawl gear. This Goldband Snapper has been primarily harvested in this stock by trap and line gear. Line fishing rarely occurs now and a reduction in trap effort since 2013 has resulted in a decrease in the total catch from a peak of 625 t in 2009. Over the last 10 years catch has fluctuated between 421 t in 2021–22 and 244 t in 2016–17 (averaging 320 t). Nominal CPUE has remained highly variable, but generally has had a flat trajectory during this time [Saunders 2020b] suggesting that the decline of effort has not been related to a decline in the stock. 

While the biomass estimates for this stock appear overly optimistic, a trawl survey conducted in 1990 indicated a total biomass of approximately 4,800 t of Goldband Snapper [Ramm 1994]. A more recent biomass survey in 2021 estimated the stock to be around 2,358 t [Knuckey and Koopman 2022] although it is important to note that this recent survey was designed to obtain a time-series of consistent and robust relative abundance indices and due to uncertainties around assumptions of catchability, herding and escapement, the one-off estimate of absolute abundance should be used with caution. Additionally, because of methodology differences, comparisons should not be made between the biomass estimates of the two different surveys. Regardless, this most recent biomass estimate can assist in understanding the impact fishing has on this stock, with the 2021–22 catch representing an 18% harvest fraction, which is high in comparison to other Northern Territory stocks. Excluding the 2021–22 catch, the average harvest percentage over the last 10 years is 13%.  The relatively high harvest percentages in this stock do warrant close monitoring during the next reporting period to ensure that catches remain sustainable.

This stock was also assessed using data up to 2022 using a stochastic stock reduction analysis (SRA) model [Pazhayamadom 2023]. Biomass levels were estimated to be between approximately 45% and 85% (median 65%) of unfished levels, which is above the limit reference point, suggesting that the biomass of this stock is unlikely to be depleted and that recruitment is unlikely to be impaired. The SRA outputs also indicated that the current fishing mortality is unlikely to cause the stock to become recruitment impaired.

On the basis of the evidence provided above, the Timor Sea (Northern Territory) biological stock is classified as a sustainable stock.

Goldband Snapper biology [Newman et al. 2001; Newman and Dunk 2003; Wakefield et al. unpublished data]

Species	Longevity / Maximum Size	Maturity (50 per cent)
Goldband Snapper	30 years, 700 mm FL, 810 mm TL	4.6 years, 417 mm FL , 526 mm TL

Distribution of reported commercial catch of Goldband Snapper

	Western Australia	Northern Territory	Queensland
Commercial
Hand Line, Hand Reel or Powered Reels
Otter Trawl
Fish Trap
Unspecified
Bottom Trawls
Line
Midwater Trawl
Charter
Hook and Line
Indigenous
Hook and Line
Unspecified
Various
Recreational
Hook and Line
Unspecified

Method	Western Australia	Northern Territory	Queensland
Charter
Bag limits
Bag/possession limits
Gear restrictions
Limited entry
Passenger restrictions
Possession limit
Seasonal or spatial closures
Size limit
Size limits
Spatial closures
Spatial zoning
Commercial
Effort limits
Gear restrictions
Harvest Strategy
Limited entry
Seasonal or spatial closures
Size limits
Spatial closures
Spatial zoning
Total allowable catch
Total allowable effort
Vessel restrictions
Recreational
Bag limits
Bag/possession limits
Gear restrictions
Licence (Recreational Fishing from Boat License)
Possession limit
Seasonal or spatial closures
Size limit
Size limits
Spatial closures

	Western Australia	Northern Territory	Queensland
Commercial	854.42t	634.38t	33.17t
Charter	19.2 t	0.7 t	Unknown
Indigenous	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Recreational	15.37 t ± 4.30 t se, 9.93 t (2020–21)	< 1 t, 0.5 t (in 2010)	Unknown

Western Australia – Commercial (catch). Goldband Snapper forms part of the combined Total Allowable Commercial Catch for other mixed demersal species in the GDSMF.

Western Australia – Active Vessels. Data are confidential as there were fewer than three vessels operating in Pilbara Fish Trawl Interim Managed Fishery and Pilbara Trap Managed Fishery.

Western Australia – Recreational (Catch). Boat-based recreational catch is from 1 September 2020–31 August 2021. These data are derived from those reported in Ryan et al. [2022].

Western Australia – Recreational (management methods). A Recreational Fishing from Boat License is required for the use of a powered boat to fish or to transport catch or fishing gear to or from a land-based fishing location.

Western Australia – Indigenous (management methods). Subject to application of Section 211 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), and the exemption from a requirement to hold a recreational fishing licence, the non-commercial take by Indigenous fishers is covered by the same arrangements as that for recreational fishing.

Northern Territory – Recreational (Catch). Catch quantities are derived from those reported in West et al. [2022]. 

Northern Territory – Charter (management methods). In the Northern Territory, charter operators are regulated through the same management methods as the recreational sector but are subject to additional limits on license and passenger numbers.

Northern Territory – Indigenous (management methods). The Fisheries Act 1988 (NT), specifies that: “Unless expressly provided otherwise, nothing in this Act derogates or limits the right of Aboriginal people who have traditionally used the resources of an area of land or water in a traditional manner to continue to use those resources in that area in that manner.”

Queensland – Indigenous (management methods). For more information see: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/traditional-fishing

Queensland – Commercial (Catch). Queensland commercial and charter data have been sourced from the commercial fisheries logbook program. Further information available through the Queensland Fisheries Summary Report https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/monitoring-research/data/queensland-fisheries-summary-report 

Queensland – Commercial (Management Methods). Harvest strategies are available at: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/sustainable/harvest-strategy

Queensland – Recreational Fishing (Catch). 

Data with high uncertainty (Residual Error >50 %) have been excluded and listed as unknown. More information available at: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/monitoring-research/monitoring-reporting/statewide-recreational-fishing-surveys 

Commercial catch of Goldband Snapper - note confidential catch not shown

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